{
  "schema_version": 1,
  "id": "evt-1986-graffiti",
  "slug": "graffiti-automated-conjecturing",
  "title": {
    "en": "Graffiti turns graph-theory conjecture generation into a sustained computer program",
    "zh-CN": "Graffiti 将图论猜想生成发展为持续运行的计算机计划"
  },
  "dates": {
    "event": "1986-06-01",
    "first_public_claim": "1986-06-01",
    "paper_release": null,
    "artifact_release": null,
    "independently_verified": null,
    "added_to_chronicle": "2026-09-15",
    "last_updated": "2026-09-15"
  },
  "event_types": [
    "discovery",
    "system"
  ],
  "significance": {
    "tier": "H2",
    "rationale": {
      "en": "Graffiti made automated conjecture generation a sustained research activity in graph theory, producing machine-suggested inequalities and conjectures that mathematicians could investigate.",
      "zh-CN": "Graffiti 将自动猜想生成发展为持续的图论研究活动，机器提出不等式与猜想，再由数学家研究其真伪与意义。"
    }
  },
  "mathematical_novelty": {
    "type": "new_conjecture"
  },
  "interfaces": [
    "symbolic"
  ],
  "claim": {
    "en": "Fajtlowicz's Graffiti program generated graph-theoretic conjectures from a library of graphs and numerical invariants; the First Japan Conference on Graph Theory and Applications began on 1 June 1986 and provides the public conference anchor for the early Graffiti record.",
    "zh-CN": "Fajtlowicz 的 Graffiti 程序从图数据库与数值不变量自动生成图论猜想；1986 年 6 月 1 日开幕的 First Japan Conference on Graph Theory and Applications 为其早期公开记录提供会议锚点。"
  },
  "summary": {
    "en": "Graffiti evaluated candidate relations between graph invariants, retained statements without known counterexamples and used heuristics to suppress trivial or redundant conjectures.",
    "zh-CN": "Graffiti 评估图不变量之间的候选关系，保留在已知图中没有反例的陈述，并用启发式删除平凡或重复猜想。"
  },
  "why_it_matters": {
    "en": "It demonstrated a durable human–machine discovery workflow in which a computer proposes mathematical conjectures and the research community proves, disproves and refines them.",
    "zh-CN": "它展示了长期的人机数学发现流程：计算机提出猜想，研究共同体负责证明、反驳与改进。"
  },
  "ai_role": {
    "level": "autonomous_primary",
    "description": {
      "en": "The program autonomously generated and filtered candidate graph-theory conjectures from its knowledge base.",
      "zh-CN": "程序从其知识库自动生成并筛选图论候选猜想。"
    }
  },
  "human_contribution": {
    "description": {
      "en": "Siemion Fajtlowicz designed the invariant library and conjecturing heuristics, while mathematicians evaluated and developed the generated conjectures.",
      "zh-CN": "Siemion Fajtlowicz 设计不变量库与猜想启发式，数学家评估并发展机器生成的猜想。"
    }
  },
  "systems": [
    "graffiti"
  ],
  "organizations": [
    "university-of-houston"
  ],
  "people": [
    "siemion-fajtlowicz"
  ],
  "problems": [
    "graph-theory-conjecturing"
  ],
  "methods": [
    "automated-conjecturing",
    "heuristic-filtering",
    "graph-invariants"
  ],
  "verification": {
    "evidence_level": "E2",
    "status": "paper_released",
    "formal_assurance": "none",
    "history": [
      {
        "date": "1988-01-01",
        "status": "paper_released",
        "evidence_level": "E2",
        "note": {
          "en": "The proceedings article “On Conjectures of Graffiti” documents the system presented in the 1986 Hakone conference series.",
          "zh-CN": "Proceedings 论文“On Conjectures of Graffiti”记录了在 1986 年箱根会议中展示的系统。"
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "graffiti-hakone-proceedings",
      "tier": "S1",
      "type": "paper",
      "title": "On Conjectures of Graffiti",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5060(08)70776-3",
      "primary": true,
      "published_date": null,
      "accessed_at": "2026-09-15"
    }
  ],
  "artifacts": [],
  "relationships": {
    "predecessors": [],
    "successors": [],
    "related": []
  },
  "timeline": {
    "featured": true,
    "significance": "primary"
  },
  "tags": [
    "graffiti",
    "graph-theory",
    "conjecture-generation",
    "mathematical-discovery"
  ],
  "editorial": {
    "created_at": "2026-09-15",
    "last_reviewed": "2026-09-15",
    "reviewers": [
      "Charlie-Wang-03"
    ]
  },
  "corrections": []
}